En busca de secuencias retrovirales relacionadas con el cáncer de mama humano / Searching for retroviral sequences related to human breast cancer

The participation of viruses in mammary carcinogenesis has been largely studied in animals. A model similar to the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) was previously proposed. Several lines of research supported the participation of MMTV in human breast cancer, but these evidences were contradicted when further research was performed. One major issue was the presence of human endogenous retroviral sequences that confounded results reporting MMTV-like sequences in human breast cancer. To overcome this problem we selected a 660 bp sequence of the MMTV env gene with low homology to endogenous sequences and search for a sequence to it using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequence was found in 38 of the human breast cancers and in 2 of the normal breasts studied. The sequence was not present in tumors from other organs. It was 90-98 homologous to MMTV and only 18 to human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) K-10. It was also detected in some of the positive tumors by Southern blot hybridization using one of the cloned 660 bp as a probe. Using reverse transcriptase PCR, it was possible to demonstrate that the 660 bp sequence is expressed in the majority of the tumors. Also, preliminary experiments revealed that sequences related to the LTR and gag genes of MMTV were present in the DNA of breast tumors. The origin of the MMTV-like sequences in tumor DNA could be the result of integrated MMTV-like sequences derived from a human mammary virus or may represent unknown endogenous sequences that can only be detected in breast tumors.

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), a retrovirus that exploits the immune system. Genetics of susceptibility to MMTV infection

All animals, including humans, show differential susceptibility to infection with viruses. Study of the genetics of susceptibility or resistance to specific pathogens is most easily studied in inbred mice. We have been using mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), a retrovirus that causes mammary tumors in mice, to study virus/host interactions. These studies have focused on understanding the mechanisms that determine genetic susceptibility to MMTV-induced mammary tumors, the regulation of virus gene expression in vivo and how the virus is transmitted between different cell types. We have found that some endogenous MMTVs are only expressed in lymphoid tissue and that a single base pair change in the long terminal repeat of MMTV determines whether the virus is expressed in mammary gland. This expression in lymphoid cells is necessary for the infectious cycle of MMTV, and both T and B cells express and shed MMTV. Infected lymphocytes are required not only for the initial introduction of MMTV to the mammary gland, but also for virus spread at later times. Without this virus spread, mammary tumorigenesis is dramatically reduced. Mammary tumor incidence is also affected by the genetic background of the mouse and at least one gene that affects infection of both lymphocytes and mammary cells has not yet been identified. The results obtained from these studies will greatly increase our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that viruses use to infect their hosts and how genetic resistance to such viruses in the hosts occurs.

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), a retrovirus that exploits the immune system. Genetics of susceptibility to MMTV infection

All animals, including humans, show differential susceptibility to infection with viruses. Study of the genetics of susceptibility or resistance to specific pathogens is most easily studied in inbred mice. We have been using mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), a retrovirus that causes mammary tumors in mice, to study virus/host interactions. These studies have focused on understanding the mechanisms that determine genetic susceptibility to MMTV-induced mammary tumors, the regulation of virus gene expression in vivo and how the virus is transmitted between different cell types. We have found that some endogenous MMTVs are only expressed in lymphoid tissue and that a single base pair change in the long terminal repeat of MMTV determines whether the virus is expressed in mammary gland. This expression in lymphoid cells is necessary for the infectious cycle of MMTV, and both T and B cells express and shed MMTV. Infected lymphocytes are required not only for the initial introduction of MMTV to the mammary gland, but also for virus spread at later times. Without this virus spread, mammary tumorigenesis is dramatically reduced. Mammary tumor incidence is also affected by the genetic background of the mouse and at least one gene that affects infection of both lymphocytes and mammary cells has not yet been identified. The results obtained from these studies will greatly increase our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that viruses use to infect their hosts and how genetic resistance to such viruses in the hosts occurs.

Mecanismos coevolutivos entre los retrovirus y sus huespedes: el modelo del tumor mamario murino / Coevolutive mechanisms between retroviruses and their hosts: the murine mammary tumor model

El virus del tumor mamario murino (MMTV) se considera actualmente un modelo de interés para investigar los mecanismos co-evolutivos entre los retrovirus y sus huéspedes. El MMTV es un retrovirus de tipo B que se transmite a través de la leche e induce adenocarcinomas mamarios por activación insercional de proto-oncogenes celulares. Existen também formas endógenas de estos virus integrados permanetemente en el genoma del ratón. Estos provirus se consideran el resultado de la infección de células de la línea germinal ocurridas en los últimos 4 a 5 millones de años. El marco de lectura abierto presente en el LTR 3'de los virus integrados codifica para un superantígeno (SAg) que es capaz de estimular una gran proporción de células T que comparaten la región variable de la cadena beta del TCR. La expresión de este SAg es crítica para el ciclo de vida del virus. Cuando un MMTV exógeno infecta al huésped, las células B resultan infectadas tempranamente y expresan el SAg viral. Las células T reactivas al SAg son reclutadas para responder al mismo y, como consecuencia, tanto las células T reactivas como los linfocitos B infectados se activan y comienzan a proliferar. Este hecho facilita la integración del MMTV y el incremento del número de linfocitos infectados, dando lugar a un importante aumento en la carga viral. Los linfocitos transfieren los virus a la glándula mamaria en la cual, bajo la influencia de hormonas esteroideas, se produce una gran amplificación de la carga viral. Se ha hipotetizado que la presencia de provirus Mtv endómenos conferiría una ventaja selectiva a la problación murina, ya que al inducir la deleción clonal temprana de las células T reactivas a los mismos, protegería al huésped de la infección con un virus exógeno que codifique para un SAg con reactividad cruzada. Sin embargo, resultados recientes discutidos en este trabajo sugieren que los provirus Mtv pueden resultar desventajosos para la población murina ya que son capaces de recombinar con variantes exógenas, dando lugar a partículas virales altamente tumorigénicas. Estos resultados se discuten en relación a trabajos recientes que sugieren la participación de secuencias virales altamente homólogas a los virus MMTV en la carcinogénesis mamaria humana.

A maternally-inherited alteration in the T cell repertoire of balb/c mice

Se ha demostrado que los virus exógenos del tumor mamario murino (MMTV) transmitidos por leche, inducen la expresión de diferentes superantígenos en los huéspedes infectados. Cada uno de estos superantígenos es capaz de inducir la deleción clonal progresiva de las células T portadoras de determinados elementos Vß de su receptor (TCR). En este trabajo se describe la existencia de una alteración en el repertorio T de los ratones BALB/c de una colonia. Dicha alteración, transmitida por vía materna, involucra la deleción de las células T CD4+ que expresan las cadenas Vß2 y Vß14 del TCR y correlaciona con una alta incidencia de tumores de mama. Estos resultados indican la transmisión materna de un superantígeno(s), probablemente asociado a la presencia de virus MMTV en la leche